Ukuthenga ngomnye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yequmrhu, kwaye inkcitho yayo ithatha malunga ne-60% yemveliso kunye neentengiso.Phantsi kwendlela yokuba iindleko zokuthengwa kwezitovu zangoku zokulungiswa zikhula ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko umlinganiselo weendleko zizonke zeshishini, ishishini lijongene nokhuphiswano oluya lusanda lwentengiso, kwaye umjikelo wemveliso wemveliso uya ucutheka kancinci kancinci.
Ukwahluka kweemfuno zentengiso kunye nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwamanqanaba ethekhinoloji yemveliso kudandathekile.Kwangaxeshanye, iinkampani ngokuthe ngcembe zijika kubunkokeli betekhnoloji kunye nokuthengisa imonopoly ukuya ekuthengeni ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokunyusa ingeniso, ngaloo ndlela zibancede ukuba bathathe izibonelelo ezintsha.
Indlela yokwenza umsebenzi wesebe lokuthenga unike igalelo eliphambili kuphuhliso lweshishini?Ungayenza njani ukuba isebenze ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yekhonkco lokubonelela?Konke oku kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yokuthenga yokwenene nesebenzayo yenkampani!
Njengomlawuli wokuthenga, umgaqo wokuthenga izinto ezifunekayo okanye izixhobo ezifunekayo kukuqinisekisa umgangatho othembekileyo, ukhuseleko oluqinileyo, ukuhanjiswa kwexesha, kunye nenkonzo ekhoyo, ngelixa unciphisa iindleko zokuthenga.Le yimisebenzi engundoqo yesebe lokuthenga ukugqiba umsebenzi onikwe yinkampani.
Inkqubo yolawulo lweendleko zokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo ibandakanya imiba emine yolawulo, eyile, ucwangciso lweendleko, ulawulo lweendleko, ucazululo lweendleko, nokubalwa kweendleko kunye novavanyo;Isigaba socwangciso sinokujoliswa ukugqiba uxanduva lwesikhundla ngasinye ekuthengeni, kwaye emva koko ngokugxininisa injongo yenkqubo yoxanduva lwesikhundla, uvavanyo lwezinga lokunciphisa iindleko kunye nezinye iindlela, ukwenza kakuhle kwezinye iinkalo zolawulo ezifana nokulawulwa kweendleko. , ukubalwa kweendleko kunye nohlalutyo lweendleko luya kufumana iziphumo ezicacileyo.
Umlawuli ogqwesileyo wokuthenga kufuneka aqale kwimiba emininzi kwinkqubo yokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo.Umba ophambili kukudala indawo yokuthengwa kwempahla ngokwemigaqo yolwakhiwo lwenkqubo kunye nokuphucula isakhono sokwenziwa kweshishini lokuthenga ukusuka kwinqanaba lobuchwephesha, kwaye uqhubeke nokuphucula ukusuka kule miba mibini iphambili, kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkqubo Ngokumalunga nokuziphatha kokuthengwa kwempahla, ngobuchule ukuphucula okubanzi. Izakhono zoshishino zesebe lokuthenga ukufumana elona xabiso liphantsi lilonke lokuthenga.Ulawulo lweendleko zokuthenga zomlawuli wezinto ezininzi luqala kwezi nkalo zintlanu zilandelayo ukunciphisa iindleko zokuthenga.
1. Ukunciphisa iindleko zokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo ngolawulo olucwangcisiweyo lokuthenga
Ulawulo lokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo ngobuchule kufuneka lulungelelanise ngokupheleleyo inzuzo yangaphakathi neyangaphandle yeshishini, luthathele ekuthengeni izinto njengeyona njongo yalo, kwaye lugxininise kuphuhliso lobuhlakani bexesha elide nabanikezeli benkonzo.Yiparadigm yolawulo lokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo eziqhelanisa nophuhliso lwemeko entsha yezoqoqosho.
1. Ukuthenga akuyona nje ingxaki yokuthengwa kwezinto eziluhlaza, kodwa kubandakanya ulawulo lomgangatho, ulawulo lwemveliso kunye nemiba yoyilo lwemveliso.Ukwaneliseka kweemfuno zabathengi kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo kufuneka zifezekiswe ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwequmrhu eliphambili lekhonkco ngalinye kwikhonkco lokubonelela ukuqonda ukuguqulwa kweemfuno zabathengi kuyilo lwemveliso.Ukufezekiswa kwezinto ezikhethwa ngumthengi yimfuneko yokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso.Ke ngoko, ukutshintsha ingqikelelo yesiqhelo yokuthengwa kwempahla kuluncedo ekuphunyezweni okusebenzayo kwesi sicwangciso.
2. Ingcamango esekelwe kwindibaniselwano yezakhono ezingundoqo kunye nezinto ezifuna indibaniselwano ephuculweyo yezinto phakathi kwababoneleli kunye nabathengi.Ukuseka intsebenziswano yexesha elide yeqhinga lomanyano endaweni yobudlelwane bentengiselwano.Ukuseka ubudlelwane obunjalo kufuna ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo phakathi konikezelo kunye namacala emfuno.Uvandlakanyo lwababoneleli kunye nolawulo alusasekelwanga kwintengiselwano njengeyona nto iphambili, kodwa kufuneka kuqala kuqwalaselwe ukuba isicwangciso siyahambelana na.Ukwandisa ubunzima kwimiba yoshishino, inkcubeko yoshishino, isicwangciso seshishini kunye nezinto ezinokubakho.
3. Ukuthenga akusiyo ivenkile enye, kwaye uhlalutyo lwemarike yokubonelela kufuneka lwenziwe.Olu hlalutyo alufanele lubandakanye kuphela amaxabiso emveliso, umgangatho, njl., kodwa kunye nokuhlalutya kwemveliso yemveliso, kunye nokuqikelela imeko ye-macroeconomic.Ukongeza, kufuneka senze isigwebo kwisicwangciso somthengisi, kuba amandla olawulo obuchule bomthengisi ngokuqinisekileyo aya kuchaphazela ukuthembeka kobudlelwane bokuthengwa kwempahla.Yonke le miba yodidi lohlalutyo lweqhinga.Idlula ngaphaya kwesakhelo sohlalutyo lokuthengwa kwempahla yesiqhelo (ixabiso, umgangatho, njl.).
2. Ukunciphisa iindleko zokuthengwa kwempahla ngokusebenzisa umgangatho othile
Ukubekwa emgangathweni yimfuneko esisiseko yolawulo lwamashishini anamhlanje.Sisiqinisekiso esisisiseko sokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweshishini.Ikhuthaza ulungelelwaniso, ukubekwa emgangathweni, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yeshishini kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwayo kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yolawulo.Yimfuno esisiseko yokulawula iindleko eziyimpumelelo.Kwinkqubo yolawulo lweendleko, le misebenzi mine ilandelayo yokulinganisa ibaluleke kakhulu.
1. Umgangatho wokuthengwa kwempahla.Kubhekiselwa ekusetyenzisweni kweendlela zesayensi kunye neendlela zokulinganisa amaxabiso obungakanani kunye nomgangatho kwimisebenzi yokuthenga, kunye nokubonelela ngedatha echanekileyo kwimisebenzi yokuthenga, ngakumbi ulawulo lweendleko zokuthenga.Ukuba akukho mgangatho wokulinganisa odibeneyo, idatha esisiseko ayichanekanga, kwaye idatha ayifani, kuya kuba nzima ukufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo lweendleko zokuthengwa kwempahla, singasathethi ke ukuyilawula.
2. Ixabiso lokuthenga lisemgangathweni.Kwinkqubo yokuthenga ulawulo lweendleko, amaxabiso amabini okulinganisa umgangatho kufuneka asekwe.Elinye lixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokuthenga, oko kukuthi, ixabiso lemarike okanye ixabiso lembali lemarike yemathiriyeli ekrwada, eyenziwa ngokulinganisa imarike phakathi kweyunithi nganye yocwangciso-mali kunye neshishini;okwesibini ixabiso lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuthengwa kwempahla yangaphakathi, ekwishishini Inkqubo yoyilo ibala ixabiso elilinganisiweyo lezinto eziluhlaza ngokudibanisa iimfuno zenzuzo yenkampani kunye namaxabiso okuthengisa.Imigangatho yokuthenga kunye nokuthenga amaxabiso ohlahlo lwabiwo-mali yimfuneko esisiseko yokuthenga imisebenzi yokulawula iindleko.
3. Ukulinganisa umgangatho wezinto ezithengiweyo.Umgangatho ngumphefumlo wemveliso.Ngaphandle komgangatho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ixabiso liphantsi kangakanani, yinkcitho.Ulawulo lweendleko zokuthenga lulawulo lweendleko phantsi komgangatho ofanelekileyo.Ngaphandle kwamaxwebhu asemgangathweni omgangatho wezinto ezithengwayo, akunakwenzeka ukuhlangabezana ngokufanelekileyo neemfuno zemisebenzi yokuthengwa kwempahla, kungabikho iindleko eziphezulu kunye neziphantsi zokuthengwa kwempahla.
4. Ukubekwa emgangathweni kwedatha yeendleko zokuthenga.Ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yokuqokelela idatha yeendleko zokuthengwa, ukucacisa uxanduva lomthumeli wedatha yeendleko kunye nomnini-akhawunti, uqinisekise ukuba idatha yeendleko ifakwe ngexesha, ifakwe kwi-akhawunti ngexesha, idatha kulula ukuyihambisa, kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi yaqonda;misela indlela yokubala yeendleko zokuthengwa kweempahla kunye nokucacisa ukubalwa kweendleko zokuthenga Indlela: Yenza ifomathi yokubala yeendleko ezidityanisiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zobalo lweendleko zokuthenga zichanekile.
Okwesithathu, ukunciphisa iindleko zokuthenga kumgangatho wenkqubo yokuthenga
1. Ukuphucula ulawulo olusisiseko lokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo, kubandakanywa ukuhlelwa nokuhlelwa kwezinto ezithengiweyo kunye nokusekwa kovimba weenkcukacha;ukumiselwa kwemigangatho yovandlakanyo lwababoneleli abafanelekileyo, ukwahlulwa kwamanqanaba oboneleli kunye nokusekwa kovimba weenkcukacha;ukuqinisekiswa kobungakanani bebhetshi encinci, umjikelo wokuthengwa kwempahla, kunye nobungakanani bokupakishwa obuqhelekileyo bezinto ezahlukeneyo;Iisampulu kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa bezinto ezahlukeneyo ezithengiweyo.
2. Kufuneka kusekwe inkqubo yokhuphiswano ngamaxabiso ezinto ezininzi.Inkampani iqulunqa ngokucacileyo inkqubo kwaye ilungelelanise inkqubo yokubhida, ukwenzela ukuba ibhidi kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla kunokunciphisa iindleko zokuthenga, ngakumbi ukuphepha imeko.Ibhidi iyenziwa, kwaye iindleko ziya kunyuka.
3. Ubhaliso lwengcaciso yokuthenga kunye nesistim yereferensi iphunyeziwe ekuthengeni okuthe saa.Ulwazi malunga namagama emveliso ethengiweyo, ubungakanani, iimpawu zokuthengisa, amaxabiso, amagama abavelisi, iindawo zokuthenga, iinombolo zomnxeba zoqhagamshelwano kunye nolunye ulwazi kufuneka lubhaliswe kwisebe lokuhlola lenkampani ukuze libhekiselele.Inkampani inokuthumela umntu njengeqela lesithathu nangaliphi na ixesha.Qwalasela iindawo.
4. Inkqubo yokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo iqhutywa ngendlela yokwabelwa amagunya kwaye ikhawulelana.Isebe lokuthenga linoxanduva lokhetho oluphambili lwababoneleli, umgangatho kunye namasebe ethekhinoloji avavanya umthamo wobonelelo lwababoneleli, kwaye iziqinisekiso ziyamiselwa.Isebe lezemali linoxanduva lokongamela nokulawula amaxabiso, kwaye intlawulo yenziwa ngokuVunywa ziinkokeli eziphambili zenkampani.
5. Ukuqonda ukudityaniswa kwamajelo okuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo ngokudityaniswa kwabasebenzi bokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo, kucaciswe izinto zokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo anoxanduva lomsebenzi ngamnye, kwaye kwanohlobo olufanayo lwezixhobo kufuneka zithengwe ngumntu omnye nangeshaneli enye, ngaphandle kokuba Utshintsho olucwangcisiweyo lomthengisi.
6. Ukulungelelanisa isivumelwano sokuthenga.Ikhontrakthi yokuthenga ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba umthengisi akayi kunyoba abasebenzi benkampani ngendlela yokhuphiswano olungafanelekanga lokuthengisa iimveliso zakhe, ngaphandle koko intlawulo iya kutsalwa ngokulinganayo;ikhontrakthi iya kuphinda ichaze isivumelwano kwisaphulelo sokuthenga.
7. I-Purchase inquiry system, ukuseka isistim yemibuzo yokuthenga, ukucacisa ukuba ngubani na ofanelekileyo kwaye ngubani onokugqiba imisebenzi yobonelelo kwisicwangciso sokuthengwa kwempahla ekrwada ngelona xabiso lisezantsi kubathengisi abanokubakho, nokumisela umda wabathengisi.Igama lobuchwepheshe lale nkqubo likwabizwa ngokuba luqinisekiso lwesiqinisekiso soMboneleli.Ukwenza umsebenzi olungileyo ekuthengeni ulawulo lophando, ngoku kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yolawulo lwekhompyuter kwaye uthathe inzuzo yenethiwekhi ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza kwaye ufumane ulwazi olufunekayo, ukwenzela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthengwa kophando kunye nolawulo lophando. ukufumana iziphumo zophando.
8. Ukuseka ubudlelwane obuzinzileyo bentsebenziswano kunye nababoneleli, ababoneleli abazinzileyo banamandla okubonelela okunamandla, ukucaca kwexabiso, intsebenziswano yexesha elide, banamalungiselelo athile aphambili okubonelela ngenkampani, kwaye banokuqinisekisa umgangatho, ubuninzi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezinto zabo Ixesha, ixabiso. , njl. njl. , kwaye usayine izivumelwano zobuchule kunye nabo xa kuyimfuneko Isivumelwano seNtsebenziswano njalo njalo.
4. Iindlela neendlela zokunciphisa iindleko zokuthenga kumgangatho wokuthenga
1. Ukunciphisa iindleko zokuthenga ngokukhetha imigaqo yokuhlawula.Ukuba inkampani inemali eyaneleyo, okanye ukuba izinga lenzala yebhanki liphantsi, inokusebenzisa indlela yemali ukuya kwindawo, enokuthi izise isaphulelo sexabiso esikhulu, kodwa iya kuba nefuthe elithile ekusebenzeni kwenkampani yonke. inkunzi yomsebenzi.
2. Bamba ixesha lokutshintsha kwamaxabiso.Amaxabiso ahlala etshintsha ngamaxesha onyaka kunye nonikezelo lwemarike kunye nemfuno.Ke ngoko, abathengi kufuneka banikele ingqalelo kumthetho wotshintsho lwamaxabiso kwaye babambe ixesha lokuthenga.
3. Baqulathe ababoneleli ngexabiso elikhuphisanayo.Ukuthengwa kwezinto ezininzi, indlela esebenzayo kukuphumeza ibhidi ekhuphisanayo, ehlala iphumela kwixabiso eliphantsi ngokuthelekisa amaxabiso phakathi kwabanikezeli.Ngokukhetha kunye nokuthelekisa ababoneleli abahlukeneyo ukuze banqande omnye nomnye, ukuze inkampani ibe kwindawo efanelekileyo kuthethathethwano.
4. Ukuthengwa ngokuthe ngqo kumenzi.Ukuodola ngokuthe ngqo kumenzi kunokunciphisa amakhonkco aphakathi kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokuthenga.Ngelo xesha, iinkonzo zobugcisa bomenzi kunye nenkonzo emva kokuthengisa iya kuba ngcono.
5. Khetha abathengisi abathembekileyo kwaye usayine iimvumelwano zexesha elide kunye nabo.Ukusebenzisana nabanikezeli abathembekileyo nabathembekileyo akunakuqinisekisa kuphela umgangatho wokubonelela kunye nokuhanjiswa ngexesha, kodwa ufumane intlawulo ekhethekileyo kunye nexabiso.
6. Ukuqhuba ngokupheleleyo uphando kunye nokuqokelela ulwazi kwimarike yokuthengwa kwempahla, ukuphuhlisa izibonelelo zababoneleli, kunye nokwandisa ikhonkco lokubonelela ngenkampani ngokusebenzisa amajelo amaninzi.Ukuphumeza inqanaba elithile lolawulo lokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo kwishishini, kufuneka linike ingqwalasela epheleleyo kuphando lwemalike yokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo kunye nokuqokelela kunye nokuhlelwa kolwazi.Kungale ndlela kuphela esinokuthi siqonde ngokupheleleyo iimeko zemarike kunye neendlela zexabiso, kwaye sizibeke kwindawo efanelekileyo.
Okwesihlanu, ukunqanda urhwaphilizo kwintengo kuchaphazela ukuthotywa kweenkampani kwiindleko zokuthenga
Abanye abaphathi bamashishini bathi ngokuphandle: “Ukuthenga urhwaphilizo akunakuthintelwa, yaye iinkampani ezininzi azikwazi ukuwuthintela lo mqobo.”Le yinyani yokuba abasebenzi bokuthengwa kwempahla bafumana i-yuan enye kubathengisi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo iya kubiza i-yuan ezilishumi kwiindleko zokuthenga.Ukuze sifumane izisombululo kolu hlobo lwengxaki, kufuneka sithathe amanyathelo kule miba ilandelayo: ulwakhiwo loxanduva lomsebenzi, ukhetho noqeqesho lwabasebenzi, uqeqesho lokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo, ulwakhiwo lwenkqubo yokuvavanya ukusebenza komqeshwa, njalo njalo.
Ukuthenga ukwakhiwa kwezithuba kufuna ukusekwa kwezithuba ezahlukeneyo zekhonkco lokuthengwa kwempahla, ukwenzela ukusombulula ingxaki yokungagxininisi ngokugqithiseleyo amandla okuthenga, ukukhawulelana, ukubeka iliso kunye nenkxaso, kwaye kwangaxeshanye kungachaphazeli intshiseko yabasebenzi kwindawo nganye. iposti.
Ukukhetha abasebenzi, indlela yokukhetha kwisikhundla ngasinye sabasebenzi bolawulo lokuthengwa kwempahla kufuneka ibe nezi mpawu zilandelayo: iqondo elithile lobuchwephesha kunye nezakhono zonxibelelwano, ulwazi lomthetho, ucoceko, njl., kwaye uzame ukuphepha izalamane zabaphathi becandelo lokuthenga ekuthatheni kwishishini lokuthenga.
Isakhono sobuchwephesha asibandakanyi nje ukuqonda okuthile kweempawu zemathiriyeli ekrwada, kodwa kunye nombono ocacileyo wenkqubo yolawulo lwempahla ekrwada;umgangatho ococekileyo ubaluleke kakhulu ekuthengeni abasebenzi abasoloko bejongana nemali, nangona ulawulo lwangaphakathi Amanyathelo ahlukeneyo athathiweyo kwikhonkco ngalinye, kodwa kubasebenzi abaphambili bokuthengwa kwempahla, kusenzima ukudibana nezilingo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibonelelwa ngokukhawulezileyo ngababoneleli-nkonzo.Indlela yokuthintela ukuseta imigibe emva kwesihendo ifuna ukuba abasebenzi bokuthengwa kweempahla nabo babe nemfezeko nemfezeko.Ulwazi lomthetho njalo njalo.
Ukuseka uqeqesho olupheleleyo lwesebe lokuthenga, ukucacisa ukuba ukuthathwa kwezigqibo kunye nemigaqo yokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yokuthengwa kwempahla kufuneka icace, icace, kwaye ibeke iliso kwaye ithintele enye kwenye;landela ngokungqongqo imigaqo yokusebenza "yokucwangciswa kwangaphambili, ulawulo olungqongqo ngexesha lomcimbi, kunye nohlalutyo olucokisekileyo kunye nesishwankathelo emva koko" ukuqinisekisa Ukuthengwa kunye nokubonelela ngezinto eziphezulu kunye nezingabizi kakhulu kunye nezinto ezihlangabezana neemfuno;
Ukuphumeza “abasebenzi abapheleleyo, inkqubo epheleleyo, yonke indawo” yolawulo lokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo aphelise ubuqhophololo babucala, ukwamkelwa, izaphulelo, kunye nokuziphatha, oluleko, olungekho mthethweni, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olonakalisa umdla wenkampani kwinkqubo yokuthengwa kwempahla nokubonelela, kunye Izipho zomthengisi kunye nemali yesipho engenakukhatywa , Kufuneka iguqulwe ngokukhawuleza kwinkampani ukuze ifakwe;qeqesha abathengi ukuba bathande imisebenzi yabo, benze imisebenzi yabo, banyaniseke kwinkampani, babe noxanduva lwenkampani, bagcine umdla wenkampani, bagcine iimfihlo zenkampani, kwaye bakhusele amalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda.
Ukwenziwa kovavanyo lokwenziwa komsebenzi kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokwabiwa kwemivuzo Kubaluleke kakhulu kwisithuba ngasinye nesebe lokuthenga ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwesithuba sokuthenga ngasinye.Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazisa kunye nokuqulunqa iindlela zolawulo lwezenzululwazi, oko kukuthi, imigangatho yokuvavanya ukusebenza, enokuthi ikhuthaze ngokuqhubekayo ukuqhubeka kwazo zonke iikhonkco zolawulo lokuthengwa kwempahla.Ukuphucula, ukunika isiqinisekiso kunye nenkuthazo kumsebenzi osebenzayo, kunye nokufezekisa ngokufanelekileyo indawo yokusebenza apho intsebenzo ikhuthaza ukunciphisa iindleko.
Njengomlawuli wokuthenga, akenzi nje le miba mihlanu ingentla yolawulo lokuthenga umsebenzi, kodwa okona kubaluleke ngakumbi, ukuseka umfanekiso omhle wabantu kunye namasebe kwinkqubo yokuthenga, unyaniseke kwinkampani, uphathe abantu ngokunyaniseka, kwaye ube ngqongqo kwabo bangaphantsi. , Okuya kuthi ngokuqinisekileyo kugcine ixabiso lokuthenga Ukuphucula kufanelekile kukhuphiswano lwemarike lwamashishini.
Iphakheji yomnyama waseShanghai Nikeza ukupakishwa kwezithambiso zokumisa okukodwa.Ukuba uthanda iimveliso zethu, ungaqhagamshelana nathi,
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